The standard time is calculated scientifically. A bonus is also paid to bosses or foremen, based on the performance of the men under them. The Emerson "efficiency" system. The Emerson "efficiency" system is a compromise between ordinary methods and the scientific management methods. A task is set, partly from workmen's former records and partly from careful estimates of the proper time-allowance, and this time is called "standard." The workman receives a time-rate, as in the Halsey and Gantt systems, and also a bonus, beginning when he has reached a point of efficiency of 67 per cent of the standard. The bonus is, however, very small at this point, and increases slowly until the performance is within 90 per cent of the standard, at which time it amounts to a 10 per cent increase in total wages. At 100 per cent efficiency the bonus is 20 Per cent, while efficiency of more than 100 per cent, which is quite possible, on account of the moderate standard requirements, entitles the workman to the regular rate for all the time he saves, and the 20 per cent bonus as well. The Emerson bonus is not paid for each task by itself, as is the Gantt bonus, but is averaged for certain periods, usually of a month at a time. It is therefore impossible for the workman to exert himself to earn a bonus on one job and "loaf" on the next, without sacrificing a part of what he has gained. A bonus for continued efficiency is also given by the Gantt plan. The Ford system. Like the Ford car, the Ford wage system is of a startling simplicity. Essentially, it consists merely of a 50 per cent increase above the prevailing time-rates, paid equally to all workers of each class. The Ultimate penalty for inefficiency is not lower wages, but dismissal. The result is that the Ford Company practically has its choice of the most desirable workers in the entire country. By means of a judicious selection from the mass of applicants, men are secured who are able and willing to fit themselves into the Ford organization; their ability is established and unquestionable; all that remains to make the plan complete is the maintaining of the essential scientifically arranged working-methods, so that the skill and willingness of these superior workmen can be utilized to the fullest. It is well known that the Ford shops represent the utmost in scientific management, with all that scientific management implies. The success of the Ford wage-system, for the Ford Company, was inevitable....

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